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''Dubgaill'' and ''Finngaill'', or ''Dubgenti'' and ''Finngenti'', are Middle Irish terms used to denote different rival groups of Vikings in Ireland and Britain. Literally, ''Dub-/Finngaill'' is translated as "dark and fair foreigners"〔Downham (2007), pp. xv–xviii〕 or "black and white foreigners",〔Smyth (1974), p. 101〕 and similarly, ''Dub-/Finngenti'' as "dark/black" and "fair/white heathens". Similar terms are found in Welsh chronicles, probably derived from Gaelic usage.〔 The first known use of these terms in the chronicles is from 851, when it is noted that "The Dubhghoill arrived in Ath Cliath (), and made a great slaughter of the Finnghoill".〔AFM 849.9 (), similar AU 851.3 "Tetact Dubgennti du Ath Cliath co ralsat ár mór du Fhinngallaibh", translated as "The dark heathens came to Áth Cliath, made a great slaughter of the fair-haired foreigners"〕 The terms appear, with various spellings, in entries in Irish annals from the 9th and 10th century, and are also used and interpreted in later historiography. There have been different interpretations of the terms. Traditionally, historians have speculated whether these distinctions refer to physical features such as skin or hair-colour, weaponry or outfits.〔 Alfred P. Smyth suggested a new interpretation of ''dub'' and ''finn'' as "new" and "old".〔Smyth (1974)〕 There is a long tradition of understanding ''Dubgaill'' as Danish Vikings and ''Finngaill'' as Norwegian Vikings. This interpretation has recently been challenged by David N. Dumville and Clare Downham,〔Downham (2009), p. 139 note 2〕 who, building on Smyth's conclusions, propose that the terms may not be related to ethnicity or origin of the different groups of Vikings. In later times, centuries after the Norman invasion of Ireland, the Hiberno-Normans or so-called Old English (Ireland) were also referred to as Dubgaill and Finngaill. ==Etymology== The word ''Gaill'' (plural of ''Gall'') etymologically originates from "Gauls", who in pre-Viking Gaelic history were the archetypal "foreigners". Dumville says that "what (Gauls ) had done in Gaelic prehistory to gain that status is unknown and was probably unpleasant."〔Dumville (2008), p. 355〕 During the Viking age, it came to denote Scandinavians or those of Scandinavian descent or speech. From the Norman invasion of Ireland in the late 12th century, this appellation was passed on to foreigners of French speech and then to the English at large.〔 The word did not denote "foreigner" in the sense "anyone not Irish (Gaelic)", but the Saxons, Welsh and Picts are identified as such in the Irish annals, and there are also terms used which may identify the Scandinavians based on nationality, like ''Dene'', ''Northmanni'' and ''Lochlainn''.〔The accuracy of the early references to the homelands of the Scandinavians are controversial, for a thorough discussion on the identification of such terms in insular chronicling with later national entities like Norway and Denmark, see Downham (2009).〕 Another word frequently used by the chroniclers in the early phase of the Viking age was ''Gen(n)ti'', meaning "foreigner of a different religion". This was derived from the biblical usage of the Latin phrase ''gentes'' or ''gentiles'', the latter form common in traditional English translations of the Bible. This terminology was abandoned, which has been taken as recognition of eventual conversion to Christianity.〔 The literary meaning of Old Irish and Old Welsh ''Dub'' is normally given as "dark" or "black", while Middle Irish ''finn'' (Old Irish ''find'', Modern Irish ''fionn'') is given as "light" or "white".〔 Smyth, referring to the Dictionary of the Irish Language by the Royal Irish Academy, adds that ''Dub'' can mean "gloomy" or "melancholy" in a moral sense, and has the intensive meaning of "great" or "mighty". For ''finn'' there are the additional meanings of "handsome", "just" and "true".〔Smyth (1974), p. 108〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dubgaill and Finngaill」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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